Expand description
§Diesel
Diesel is an ORM and query builder designed to reduce the boilerplate for database interactions. If this is your first time reading this documentation, we recommend you start with the getting started guide. We also have many other long form guides.
§Where to find things
§Declaring your schema
For Diesel to validate your queries at compile time
it requires you to specify your schema in your code,
which you can do with the table!
macro.
diesel print-schema
can be used
to automatically generate these macro calls
(by connecting to your database and querying its schema).
§Getting started
Queries usually start from either a table, or a function like update
.
Those functions can be found here.
Diesel provides a prelude
module,
which exports most of the typically used traits and types.
We are conservative about what goes in this module,
and avoid anything which has a generic name.
Files which use Diesel are expected to have use diesel::prelude::*;
.
§Constructing a query
The tools the query builder gives you can be put into these three categories:
- “Query builder methods” are things that map to portions of a whole query
(such as
ORDER
andWHERE
). These methods usually have the same name as the SQL they map to, except forWHERE
which is calledfilter
in Diesel (To not conflict with the Rust keyword). These methods live in thequery_dsl
module. - “Expression methods” are things you would call on columns
or other individual values.
These methods live in the
expression_methods
module You can often find these by thinking “what would this be called” if it were a method and typing that into the search bar (e.g.LIKE
is calledlike
in Diesel). Most operators are named based on the Rust function which maps to that operator instd::ops
(For example==
is called.eq
, and!=
is called.ne
). - “Bare functions” are normal SQL functions
such as
sum
. They live in thedsl
module. Diesel only supports a very small number of these functions. You can declare additional functions you want to use with thedefine_sql_function!
macro.
§Serializing and Deserializing
Types which represent the result of a SQL query implement
a trait called Queryable
.
Diesel maps “Rust types” (e.g. i32
) to and from “SQL types”
(e.g. diesel::sql_types::Integer
).
You can find all the types supported by Diesel in the sql_types
module.
These types are only used to represent a SQL type.
You should never put them on your Queryable
structs.
To find all the Rust types which can be used with a given SQL type, see the documentation for that SQL type.
To find all the SQL types which can be used with a Rust type,
go to the docs for either ToSql
or FromSql
,
go to the “Implementors” section,
and find the Rust type you want to use.
§How to read diesels compile time error messages
Diesel is known for generating large complicated looking errors. Usually
most of these error messages can be broken down easily. The following
section tries to give an overview of common error messages and how to read them.
As a general note it’s always useful to read the complete error message as emitted
by rustc, including the required because of …
part of the message.
Your IDE might hide important parts!
The following error messages are common:
the trait bound (diesel::sql_types::Integer, …, diesel::sql_types::Text): load_dsl::private::CompatibleType<YourModel, Pg> is not satisfied
while trying to execute a query: This error indicates a mismatch between what your query returns and what your model struct expects the query to return. The fields need to match in terms of field order, field type and field count. If you are sure that everything matches, double check the enabled diesel features (for support for types from other crates) and double check (viacargo tree
) that there is only one version of such a shared crate in your dependency tree. Consider using#[derive(Selectable)]
+#[diesel(check_for_backend(diesel::pg::Pg))]
to improve the generated error message.the trait bound i32: diesel::Expression is not satisfied
in the context ofInsertable
model structs: This error indicates a type mismatch between the field you are trying to insert into the database and the actual database type. These error messages contain a line like= note: required for i32 to implement AsExpression<diesel::sql_types::Text>
that show both the provided rust side type (i32
in that case) and the expected database side type (Text
in that case).the trait bound i32: AppearsOnTable<users::table> is not satisfied
in the context ofAsChangeset
model structs: This error indicates a type mismatch between the field you are trying to update and the actual database type. Double check your type mapping.the trait bound SomeLargeType: QueryFragment<Sqlite, SomeMarkerType> is not satisfied
while trying to execute a query. This error message indicates that a given query is not supported by your backend. This usually means that you are trying to use SQL features from one SQL dialect on a different database system. Double check your query that everything required is supported by the selected backend. If that’s the case double check that the relevant feature flags are enabled (for example,returning_clauses_for_sqlite_3_35
for enabling support for returning clauses in newer sqlite versions)the trait bound posts::title: SelectableExpression<users::table> is not satisfied
while executing a query: This error message indicates that you’re trying to select a field from a table that does not appear in your from clause. If your query joins the relevant table vialeft_join
you need to call.nullable()
on the relevant column in your select clause.
§Getting help
If you run into problems, Diesel has an active community. Open a new discussion thread at diesel github repository and we will try to help you
§Crate feature flags
The following feature flags are considered to be part of diesels public API. Any feature flag that is not listed here is not considered to be part of the public API and can disappear at any point in time:
sqlite
: This feature enables the diesel sqlite backend. Enabling this feature requires per default a compatible copy oflibsqlite3
for your target architecture. Alternatively, you can addlibsqlite3-sys
with thebundled
feature as a dependency to your crate so SQLite will be bundled:[dependencies] libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.29", features = ["bundled"] }
postgres
: This feature enables the diesel postgres backend. Enabling this feature requires a compatible copy oflibpq
for your target architecture. This features impliespostgres_backend
mysql
: This feature enables the idesel mysql backend. Enabling this feature requires a compatible copy oflibmysqlclient
for your target architecture. This feature impliesmysql_backend
postgres_backend
: This feature enables those parts of diesels postgres backend, that are not dependent onlibpq
. Diesel does not provide any connection implementation with only this feature enabled. This feature can be used to implement a custom implementation of dieselsConnection
trait for the postgres backend outside of diesel itself, while reusing the existing query dsl extensions for the postgres backendmysql_backend
: This feature enables those parts of diesels mysql backend, that are not dependent onlibmysqlclient
. Diesel does not provide any connection implementation with only this feature enabled. This feature can be used to implement a custom implementation of dieselsConnection
trait for the mysql backend outside of diesel itself, while reusing the existing query dsl extensions for the mysql backendreturning_clauses_for_sqlite_3_35
: This feature enables support forRETURNING
clauses in the sqlite backend. Enabling this feature requires sqlite 3.35.0 or newer.32-column-tables
: This feature enables support for tables with up to 32 columns. This feature is enabled by default. Consider disabling this feature if you write a library crate providing general extensions for diesel or if you do not need to support tables with more than 16 columns and you want to minimize your compile times.64-column-tables
: This feature enables support for tables with up to 64 columns. It implies the32-column-tables
feature. Enabling this feature will increase your compile times.128-column-tables
: This feature enables support for tables with up to 128 columns. It implies the64-column-tables
feature. Enabling this feature will increase your compile times significantly.i-implement-a-third-party-backend-and-opt-into-breaking-changes
: This feature opens up some otherwise private API, that can be useful to implement a third partyBackend
or write a customConnection
implementation. Do not use this feature for any other usecase. By enabling this feature you explicitly opt out diesel stability guarantees. We explicitly reserve us the right to break API’s exported under this feature flag in any upcoming minor version release. If you publish a crate depending on this feature flag consider to restrict the supported diesel version to the currently released minor version.serde_json
: This feature flag enables support for (de)serializing json values from the database using types provided byserde_json
.chrono
: This feature flags enables support for (de)serializing date/time values from the database using types provided bychrono
uuid
: This feature flag enables support for (de)serializing uuid values from the database using types provided byuuid
network-address
: This feature flag enables support for (de)serializing IP values from the database using types provided byipnetwork
.ipnet-address
: This feature flag enables support for (de)serializing IP values from the database using types provided byipnet
.numeric
: This feature flag enables support for (de)serializing numeric values from the database using types provided bybigdecimal
r2d2
: This feature flag enables support for ther2d2
connection pool implementation.extras
: This feature enables the feature flagged support for any third party crate. This implies the following feature flags:serde_json
,chrono
,uuid
,network-address
,numeric
,r2d2
with-deprecated
: This feature enables items marked as#[deprecated]
. It is enabled by default. disabling this feature explicitly opts out diesels stability guarantee.without-deprecated
: This feature disables any item marked as#[deprecated]
. Enabling this feature explicitly opts out the stability guarantee given by diesel. This feature overrides thewith-deprecated
. Note that this may also remove items that are not shown as#[deprecated]
in our documentation, due to various bugs in rustdoc. It can be used to check if you depend on any such hidden#[deprecated]
item.
By default the following features are enabled:
with-deprecated
32-column-tables
Re-exports§
Modules§
- Traits related to relationships between multiple tables.
- Types which represent various database backends
- Types related to database connections
- Structs to represent the primitive equivalent of SQL types where there is no existing Rust primitive, or where using it would be confusing (such as date and time types). This module will re-export all backend specific data structures when compiled against that backend.
- Types and traits related to deserializing values from the database
- Includes various helper types and bare functions which are named too generically to be included in prelude, but are often used when using Diesel.
- AST types representing various typed SQL expressions.
- Adds various methods to construct new expressions. These traits are exported by default, and implemented automatically.
- Provide helper types for concisely writing the return type of functions. As with iterators, it is unfortunately difficult to return a partially constructed query without exposing the exact implementation of the function. Without higher kinded types, these various DSLs can’t be combined into a single trait for boxing purposes.
- Representation of migrations
- mysql
mysql_backend
Provides types and functions related to working with MySQL - pg
postgres_backend
Provides types and functions related to working with PostgreSQL - Re-exports important traits and types. Meant to be glob imported when using Diesel.
- Contains traits responsible for the actual construction of SQL statements
- Traits that construct SELECT statements
- Types related to describing schema, and interactions between tables.
- r2d2
r2d2
Connection pooling via r2d2. - Errors, type aliases, and functions related to working with
Result
. - Contains the
Row
trait - Types and traits related to serializing values for the database
- Types which represent a SQL data type.
- sqlite
sqlite
Provides types and functions related to working with SQLite - Types and functions related to PG’s and Sqlite’s
ON CONFLICT
clause
Macros§
- Declare a new alias for a table
- Allow two or more columns which are otherwise unrelated to be used together in a group by clause.
- Allow two or more tables which are otherwise unrelated to be used together in a query.
- Useful for libraries adding support for new SQL types. Apps should never need to call this.
- Allow two tables to be referenced in a join query without providing an explicit
ON
clause. - no_
arg_ sql_ function Deprecated with-deprecated
and non-without-deprecated
Declare a 0 argument SQL function for use in your code. This will generate a unit struct, which is an expression representing calling this function. Seenow
for example output.now
was generated using: - Indicates that an expression allows all numeric operators. If you create new SQL functions that return a numeric type, you should invoke this macro that type. Unfortunately, Rust disallows us from automatically implementing
Add
for types which implementExpression
, under its orphan rules. - Implements the Rust operator for a given type. If you create a new SQL function, which returns a type that you’d like to use an operator on, you should invoke this macro. Unfortunately, Rust disallows us from automatically implementing
Add
and other traits fromstd::ops
, under its orphan rules. - Useful for libraries adding support for new SQL types. Apps should never need to call this.
- Useful for libraries adding support for new SQL types. Apps should never need to call this.
- Specifies that a table exists, and what columns it has. This will create a new public module, with the same name, as the name of the table. In this module, you will find a unit struct named
table
, and a unit struct with the name of each column.
Functions§
- copy_
from postgres_backend
andpostgres
Creates aCOPY FROM
statement - copy_to
postgres_backend
andpostgres
Creates aCOPY TO
statement - Takes a query
QueryFragment
expression as an argument and returns a type that implementsfmt::Display
andfmt::Debug
to show the query. - Creates a
DELETE
statement. - Creates an
INSERT
statement for the target table. - Creates an
INSERT [OR] IGNORE
statement. - Creates a
REPLACE
statement. - Creates a bare select statement, with no from clause. Primarily used for testing diesel itself, but likely useful for third party crates as well. The given expressions must be selectable from anywhere.
- Construct a full SQL query using raw SQL.
- Creates an
UPDATE
statement.
Derive Macros§
- This derives implements
diesel::Connection
and related traits for an enum of connections to different databases.