1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
//! Types and traits related to deserializing values from the database

use std::error::Error;
use std::result;

use crate::backend::Backend;
use crate::expression::select_by::SelectBy;
use crate::row::{NamedRow, Row};
use crate::sql_types::{SingleValue, SqlType, Untyped};
use crate::Selectable;

/// A specialized result type representing the result of deserializing
/// a value from the database.
pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>;

/// Trait indicating that a record can be queried from the database.
///
/// Types which implement `Queryable` represent the result of a SQL query. This
/// does not necessarily mean they represent a single database table.
///
/// Diesel represents the return type of a query as a tuple. The purpose of this
/// trait is to convert from a tuple of Rust values that have been deserialized
/// into your struct.
///
/// This trait can be [derived](derive@Queryable)
///
/// ## How to resolve compiler errors while loading data from the database
///
/// In case you getting uncomprehensable compiler errors while loading data
/// from the database you might want to consider using
/// [`#[derive(Selectable)]`](derive@crate::prelude::Selectable) +
/// `#[diesel(check_for_backend(YourBackendType))]` to check for mismatching fields at compile
/// time. This drastically improves the quality of the generated error messages by pointing
/// to concrete mismatches at field level. You need to specify the concrete database backend
/// this specific struct is indented to be used with, as otherwise rustc cannot correctly
/// identify the required deserialization implementation.
///
/// ## Interaction with `NULL`/`Option`
/// [`Nullable`][crate::sql_types::Nullable] types can be queried into `Option`.
/// This is valid for single fields, tuples, and structures with `Queryable`.
///
/// With tuples and structs, the process for deserializing an `Option<(A,B,C)>` is
/// to attempt to deserialize `A`, `B` and `C`, and if either of these return an
/// [`UnexpectedNullError`](crate::result::UnexpectedNullError), the `Option` will be
/// deserialized as `None`.
/// If all succeed, the `Option` will be deserialized as `Some((a,b,c))`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ## Simple mapping from query to struct
///
/// If we just want to map a query to our struct, we can use `derive`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// #
/// #[derive(Queryable, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     id: i32,
///     name: String,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     use schema::users::dsl::*;
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let first_user = users.order_by(id).first(connection)?;
/// let expected = User { id: 1, name: "Sean".into() };
/// assert_eq!(expected, first_user);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// ## Interaction with `NULL`/`Option`
///
/// ### Single field
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// # use diesel::sql_types::*;
/// #
/// table! {
///     animals {
///         id -> Integer,
///         species -> VarChar,
///         legs -> Integer,
///         name -> Nullable<VarChar>,
///     }
/// }
/// #
/// #[derive(Queryable, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct Animal {
///     id: i32,
///     name: Option<String>,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     use schema::animals::dsl::*;
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let all_animals = animals.select((id, name)).order_by(id).load(connection)?;
/// let expected = vec![Animal { id: 1, name: Some("Jack".to_owned()) }, Animal { id: 2, name: None }];
/// assert_eq!(expected, all_animals);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// ### Multiple fields
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// #
/// #[derive(Queryable, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct UserWithPost {
///     id: i32,
///     post: Option<Post>,
/// }
/// #[derive(Queryable, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct Post {
///     id: i32,
///     title: String,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     use schema::{posts, users};
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// #     diesel::insert_into(users::table)
/// #         .values(users::name.eq("Ruby"))
/// #         .execute(connection)?;
/// let all_posts = users::table
///     .left_join(posts::table)
///     .select((
///         users::id,
///         (posts::id, posts::title).nullable()
///     ))
///     .order_by((users::id, posts::id))
///     .load(connection)?;
/// let expected = vec![
///     UserWithPost { id: 1, post: Some(Post { id: 1, title: "My first post".to_owned() }) },
///     UserWithPost { id: 1, post: Some(Post { id: 2, title: "About Rust".to_owned() }) },
///     UserWithPost { id: 2, post: Some(Post { id: 3, title: "My first post too".to_owned() }) },
///     UserWithPost { id: 3, post: None },
/// ];
/// assert_eq!(expected, all_posts);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// ## `deserialize_as` attribute
///
/// If we want to do additional work during deserialization, we can use
/// `deserialize_as` to use a different implementation.
///
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// #
/// # use schema::users;
/// # use diesel::backend::{self, Backend};
/// # use diesel::deserialize::{self, Queryable, FromSql};
/// # use diesel::sql_types::Text;
/// #
/// struct LowercaseString(String);
///
/// impl Into<String> for LowercaseString {
///     fn into(self) -> String {
///         self.0
///     }
/// }
///
/// impl<DB> Queryable<Text, DB> for LowercaseString
/// where
///     DB: Backend,
///     String: FromSql<Text, DB>,
/// {
///     type Row = String;
///
///     fn build(s: String) -> deserialize::Result<Self> {
///         Ok(LowercaseString(s.to_lowercase()))
///     }
/// }
///
/// #[derive(Queryable, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     id: i32,
///     #[diesel(deserialize_as = LowercaseString)]
///     name: String,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     use schema::users::dsl::*;
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let first_user = users.first(connection)?;
/// let expected = User { id: 1, name: "sean".into() };
/// assert_eq!(expected, first_user);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// ## Manual implementation
///
/// Alternatively, we can implement the trait for our struct manually.
///
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// #
/// use schema::users;
/// use diesel::deserialize::{self, Queryable};
///
/// # /*
/// type DB = diesel::sqlite::Sqlite;
/// # */
///
/// #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     id: i32,
///     name: String,
/// }
///
/// impl Queryable<users::SqlType, DB> for User {
///     type Row = (i32, String);
///
///     fn build(row: Self::Row) -> deserialize::Result<Self> {
///         Ok(User {
///             id: row.0,
///             name: row.1.to_lowercase(),
///         })
///     }
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     use schema::users::dsl::*;
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let first_user = users.first(connection)?;
/// let expected = User { id: 1, name: "sean".into() };
/// assert_eq!(expected, first_user);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub trait Queryable<ST, DB>: Sized
where
    DB: Backend,
{
    /// The Rust type you'd like to map from.
    ///
    /// This is typically a tuple of all of your struct's fields.
    type Row: FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB>;

    /// Construct an instance of this type
    fn build(row: Self::Row) -> Result<Self>;
}

#[doc(inline)]
pub use diesel_derives::Queryable;

/// Deserializes the result of a query constructed with [`sql_query`].
///
/// This trait can be [derived](derive@QueryableByName)
///
/// [`sql_query`]: crate::sql_query()
///
/// # Examples
///
/// If we just want to map a query to our struct, we can use `derive`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// # use schema::users;
/// # use diesel::sql_query;
/// #
/// #[derive(QueryableByName, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     id: i32,
///     name: String,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let first_user = sql_query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1")
///     .get_result(connection)?;
/// let expected = User { id: 1, name: "Sean".into() };
/// assert_eq!(expected, first_user);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// If we want to do additional work during deserialization, we can use
/// `deserialize_as` to use a different implementation.
///
/// ```rust
/// # include!("doctest_setup.rs");
/// # use diesel::sql_query;
/// # use schema::users;
/// # use diesel::backend::{self, Backend};
/// # use diesel::deserialize::{self, FromSql};
/// #
/// struct LowercaseString(String);
///
/// impl Into<String> for LowercaseString {
///     fn into(self) -> String {
///         self.0
///     }
/// }
///
/// impl<DB, ST> FromSql<ST, DB> for LowercaseString
/// where
///     DB: Backend,
///     String: FromSql<ST, DB>,
/// {
///     fn from_sql(bytes: DB::RawValue<'_>) -> deserialize::Result<Self> {
///         String::from_sql(bytes)
///             .map(|s| LowercaseString(s.to_lowercase()))
///     }
/// }
///
/// #[derive(QueryableByName, PartialEq, Debug)]
/// struct User {
///     id: i32,
///     #[diesel(deserialize_as = LowercaseString)]
///     name: String,
/// }
///
/// # fn main() {
/// #     run_test();
/// # }
/// #
/// # fn run_test() -> QueryResult<()> {
/// #     let connection = &mut establish_connection();
/// let first_user = sql_query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1")
///     .get_result(connection)?;
/// let expected = User { id: 1, name: "sean".into() };
/// assert_eq!(expected, first_user);
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub trait QueryableByName<DB>
where
    Self: Sized,
    DB: Backend,
{
    /// Construct an instance of `Self` from the database row
    fn build<'a>(row: &impl NamedRow<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self>;
}

#[doc(inline)]
pub use diesel_derives::QueryableByName;

/// Deserialize a single field of a given SQL type.
///
/// When possible, implementations of this trait should prefer to use an
/// existing implementation, rather than reading from `bytes`. (For example, if
/// you are implementing this for an enum which is represented as an integer in
/// the database, prefer `i32::from_sql(bytes)` (or the explicit form
/// `<i32 as FromSql<Integer, DB>>::from_sql(bytes)`) over reading from `bytes`
/// directly)
///
/// Types which implement this trait should also have `#[derive(FromSqlRow)]`
///
/// ### Backend specific details
///
/// - For PostgreSQL, the bytes will be sent using the binary protocol, not text.
/// - For SQLite, the actual type of `DB::RawValue` is private API. All
///   implementations of this trait must be written in terms of an existing
///   primitive.
/// - For MySQL, the value of `bytes` will depend on the return value of
///   `type_metadata` for the given SQL type. See [`MysqlType`] for details.
/// - For third party backends, consult that backend's documentation.
///
/// [`MysqlType`]: ../mysql/enum.MysqlType.html
///
/// ### Examples
///
/// Most implementations of this trait will be defined in terms of an existing
/// implementation.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use diesel::backend::{self, Backend};
/// # use diesel::sql_types::*;
/// # use diesel::deserialize::{self, FromSql, FromSqlRow};
/// #
/// #[repr(i32)]
/// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, FromSqlRow)]
/// pub enum MyEnum {
///     A = 1,
///     B = 2,
/// }
///
/// impl<DB> FromSql<Integer, DB> for MyEnum
/// where
///     DB: Backend,
///     i32: FromSql<Integer, DB>,
/// {
///     fn from_sql(bytes: DB::RawValue<'_>) -> deserialize::Result<Self> {
///         match i32::from_sql(bytes)? {
///             1 => Ok(MyEnum::A),
///             2 => Ok(MyEnum::B),
///             x => Err(format!("Unrecognized variant {}", x).into()),
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "nightly-error-messages",
    diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
        message = "Cannot deserialize a value of the database type `{A}` as `{Self}`",
        note = "Double check your type mappings via the documentation of `{A}`"
    )
)]
pub trait FromSql<A, DB: Backend>: Sized {
    /// See the trait documentation.
    fn from_sql(bytes: DB::RawValue<'_>) -> Result<Self>;

    /// A specialized variant of `from_sql` for handling null values.
    ///
    /// The default implementation returns an `UnexpectedNullError` for
    /// an encountered null value and calls `Self::from_sql` otherwise
    ///
    /// If your custom type supports null values you need to provide a
    /// custom implementation.
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from_nullable_sql(bytes: Option<DB::RawValue<'_>>) -> Result<Self> {
        match bytes {
            Some(bytes) => Self::from_sql(bytes),
            None => Err(Box::new(crate::result::UnexpectedNullError)),
        }
    }
}

/// Deserialize a database row into a rust data structure
///
/// Diesel provides wild card implementations of this trait for all types
/// that implement one of the following traits:
///    * [`Queryable`]
///    * [`QueryableByName`]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "nightly-error-messages",
    diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
        note = "`diesel::sql_query` requires the loading target to column names for loading values.\n\
                 You need to provide a type that explicitly derives `diesel::deserialize::QueryableByName`",
    )
)]
pub trait FromSqlRow<ST, DB: Backend>: Sized {
    /// See the trait documentation.
    fn build_from_row<'a>(row: &impl Row<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self>;
}

#[doc(inline)]
pub use diesel_derives::FromSqlRow;

/// A marker trait indicating that the corresponding type consumes a static at
/// compile time known number of field
///
/// There is normally no need to implement this trait. Diesel provides
/// wild card impls for all types that implement `FromSql<ST, DB>` or `Queryable<ST, DB>`
/// where the size of `ST` is known
pub trait StaticallySizedRow<ST, DB: Backend>: FromSqlRow<ST, DB> {
    /// The number of fields that this type will consume.
    const FIELD_COUNT: usize;
}

impl<DB, T> FromSqlRow<Untyped, DB> for T
where
    DB: Backend,
    T: QueryableByName<DB>,
{
    fn build_from_row<'a>(row: &impl Row<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self> {
        T::build(row)
    }
}

/// A helper trait to deserialize a statically sized row into a tuple
///
/// **If you see an error message mentioning this trait you are likely trying to
/// map the result of a query to a struct with mismatching field types. Recheck
/// your field order and the concrete field types.**
///
/// You should not need to implement this trait directly.
/// Diesel provides wild card implementations for any supported tuple size
/// and for any type that implements `FromSql<ST, DB>`.
///
// This is a distinct trait from `FromSqlRow` because otherwise we
// are getting conflicting implementation errors for our `FromSqlRow`
// implementation for tuples and our wild card impl for all types
// implementing `Queryable`
pub trait FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB: Backend>: Sized {
    /// See the trait documentation
    fn build_from_row<'a>(row: &impl Row<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self>;
}

#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait SqlTypeOrSelectable {}

impl<ST> SqlTypeOrSelectable for ST where ST: SqlType + SingleValue {}
impl<U, DB> SqlTypeOrSelectable for SelectBy<U, DB>
where
    U: Selectable<DB>,
    DB: Backend,
{
}

impl<T, ST, DB> FromSqlRow<ST, DB> for T
where
    T: Queryable<ST, DB>,
    ST: SqlTypeOrSelectable,
    DB: Backend,
    T::Row: FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB>,
{
    // This inline(always) attribute is here as benchmarks have shown
    // up to 5% reduction in instruction count of having it here
    //
    // A plain inline attribute does not show similar improvements
    #[inline(always)]
    fn build_from_row<'a>(row: &impl Row<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self> {
        let row = <T::Row as FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB>>::build_from_row(row)?;
        T::build(row)
    }
}

impl<T, ST, DB> FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB> for T
where
    DB: Backend,
    T: FromSql<ST, DB>,
    ST: SingleValue,
{
    fn build_from_row<'a>(row: &impl Row<'a, DB>) -> Result<Self> {
        use crate::row::Field;

        let field = row.get(0).ok_or(crate::result::UnexpectedEndOfRow)?;
        T::from_nullable_sql(field.value())
    }
}

// We cannot have this impl because rustc
// then complains in third party crates that
// diesel may implement `SingleValue` for tuples
// in the future. While that is theoretically true,
// that will likely not happen in practice.
// If we get negative trait impls at some point in time
// it should be possible to make this work.
/*impl<T, ST, DB> Queryable<ST, DB> for T
where
    DB: Backend,
    T: FromStaticSqlRow<ST, DB>,
    ST: SingleValue,
{
    type Row = Self;

    fn build(row: Self::Row) -> Self {
        row
    }
}*/

impl<T, ST, DB> StaticallySizedRow<ST, DB> for T
where
    ST: SqlTypeOrSelectable + crate::util::TupleSize,
    T: Queryable<ST, DB>,
    DB: Backend,
{
    const FIELD_COUNT: usize = <ST as crate::util::TupleSize>::SIZE;
}